The Genetic Codes

Compiled by Andrzej (Anjay) Elzanowski and Jim Ostell
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Bethesda, MD

Last update of the Genetic Codes: Sep 26, 1996

NCBI takes great care to ensure that the translation for each coding sequence (CDS) present in GenBank records is correct. Central to this effort is careful checking on the taxonomy of each record and assignment of the correct genetic code (shown as a /transl_table qualifier on the CDS in the flat files) for each organism and record. This page summerizes and references this work.

The synopsis presented below is based primarily on the reviews by Osawa et al. (1992) and Jukes and Osawa (1993). Listed in square brackets [ ] (under Systematic Range) are tentative assignments of a particular code based on sequence homology and/or phylogenetic relationships.

The print-form ASN.1 version of this document, which includes all the genetic codes outlined below, is also available here. Detailed information on codon usage can be found at the Codon Usage Database.

The following genetic codes are described here:

The Standard Code
The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code
The Yeast Mitochondrial Code
The Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and the Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code
The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code
The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code
The Echinoderm Mitochondrial Code
The Euplotid Nuclear Code
The Bacterial "Code"
The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code
The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code
The Flatworm Mitochondrial Code
Blepharisma Nuclear Code

1. The Standard Code (transl_table=1)

By default all transl_table in GenBank flatfiles are equal to id 1, and this is not shown. When transl_table is not equal to id 1, it is shown as a qualifier on the CDS feature.

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  * Ter  
TTG  L Leu i    TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu i    CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile      ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile      ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  I Ile      ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  R Arg  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  R Arg  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val      GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Initiation Codon:

AUG

Alternative Initiation Codons
(Prats et al. 1989; Hann et al. 1992)

CUG, UUG

2. The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=2)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  W Trp  
TTG  L Leu      TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu      CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile i    ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile i    ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  M Met i    ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  * Ter  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  * Ter  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val i    GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

        Code 2          Standard

 AGA    Ter  *          Arg  R
 AGG    Ter  *          Arg  R
 AUA    Met  M          Ile  I
 UGA    Trp  W          Ter  *

Alternative Initiation Codon:

Bos: AUA
Homo: AUA, AUU
Mus: AUA, AUU, AUC
Coturnix, Gallus: also GUG (Desjardins and Morais, 1991)

Systematic Range:

Vertebrata

Comment:

The transcripts of several vertebrate mitochondrial genes end in U or UA, which become termination codons (UAA) upon subsequent polyadenylation.

3. The Yeast Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=3)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  W Trp  
TTG  L Leu      TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  T Thr      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  T Thr      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  T Thr      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  T Thr      CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile      ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile      ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  M Met      ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  R Arg  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  R Arg  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val      GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

        Code 3          Standard

 AUA    Met  M          Ile  I
 CUU    Thr  T          Leu  L
 CUC    Thr  T          Leu  L
 CUA    Thr  T          Leu  L
 CUG    Thr  T          Leu  L
 UGA    Trp  W          Ter  *

 CGA    absent          Arg  R
 CGC    absent          Arg  R

Systematic Range:

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Hansenula saturnus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Kluyveromyces thermotolerans (Clark-Walker and Weiller, 1994)

Comments:

The remaining CGN codons are rare in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and absent in Candida glabrata (= Torulopsis glabrata).

The AUA codon is common in the gene var1 coding for the single mitochonLIial ribosomal protein, but rare in genes encoding the enzymes.

The coding assignments of the AUA (Met or Ile) and CUU (possibly Leu, not Thr) are uncertain in Hansenula saturnus.

The codon UGA is rarely used and probably encodes Trp in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Sequence comparisons do not suggest other nonstandard codon assignments in this species.

The coding assignment of Thr to CUN is uncertain in Kluyveromyces thermotolerans Clark-Walker and Weiller, 1994).

4. The Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and the Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code (transl_table=4)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu i    TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  W Trp  
TTG  L Leu i    TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu i    CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile i    ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile i    ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  I Ile i    ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  R Arg  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  R Arg  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val i    GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

        Code 4         Standard

 UGA    Trp  W          Ter  *

Alternative Initiation Codons:

Trypanosoma: UUA, UUG, CUG
Leishmania: AUU, AUA
Tertrahymena: AUU, AUA, AUG
Paramecium: AUU, AUA, AUG, AUC, GUG, GUA(?)
(Pritchard et al., 1990)

Systematic Range:

Mycoplasmatales: Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma (Bove et al., 1989);

Fungi: Emericella nidulans, Neurospora crassa, Podospora anserina, Acremonium (Fox, 1987), Candida parapsilosis (Guelin et al., 1991), Trichophyton rubrum (de Bievre and Dujon, 1992), Dekkera/Brettanomyces, Eeniella (Hoeben et al., 1993), and probably Ascobolus immersus, Aspergillus amstelodami, Claviceps purpurea, and Cochliobolus heterostrophus.

Protozoa: Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania tarentolae, Paramecium tetraurelia, Tetrahymena pyriformis and probably Plasmodium gallinaceum (Aldritt et al., 1989)].

Metazoa: Coelenterata (Ctenophora and Cnidaria)

Comments:

This code is also used for the kinetoplast DNA (maxicircles, minicircles). Kinetoplasts are modified mitochondria (or their parts).
This code is not used in the Acholeplasmataceae and plant-pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) (Lim and Sears, 1992)

5. The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=5)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  W Trp  
TTG  L Leu i    TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu      CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile i    ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile i    ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  M Met i    ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  S Ser  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  S Ser  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val i    GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Comment:

The codon AGG is absent in Drosophila.

Differences from the Standard Code:


        Code 5          Standard

 AGA    Ser  S          Arg  R
 AGG    Ser  S          Arg  R
 AUA    Met  M          Ile  I
 UGA    Trp  W          Ter  *

Alternative Initiation Codons:

AUA, AUU
AUC: Apis (Crozier and Crozier, 1993)
GUG: Polyplacophora (Boore and Brown, 1994)
UUG: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis

Systematic Range:

Nematoda: Ascaris, Caenorhabditis;
Mollusca: Bivalvia (Hoffmann et al., 1992); Polyplacophora (Boore and Brown, 1994)
Arthropoda/Crustacea: Artemia (Batuecas et al., 1988);
Arthropoda/Insecta: Drosophila [Locusta migratoria (migratory locust), Apis mellifera (honeybee)]

Comments:

GUG may possibly function as an initiator in Drosophila (Clary and Wolstenholme, 1985; Gadaleta et al., 1988). AUU is not used as an initiator in Mytilus (Hoffmann et al., 1992).
"An exceptional mechanism must operate for initiation of translation of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA in both D. melanogaster (de Bruijn, 1983) and D. yakuba (Clary and Wolstenholme 1983), since its only plausible initiation codon, AUA, is out of frame with the rest of the gene. Initiation appears to require the "reading" of of an AUAA quadruplet, which would be equivalent to initiation at AUA followed immediately by a specific ribosomal frameshift. Another possible mechanism ... is that the mRNA is "edited" to bring the AUA initiation into frame." (Fox, 1987)

6. The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code (transl_table=6)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  Q Gln      TGA  * Ter  
TTG  L Leu      TCG  S Ser      TAG  Q Gln      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu      CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile      ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile      ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  I Ile      ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  R Arg  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  R Arg  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val      GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 6       Standard

 UAA      Gln  Q        Ter  *
 UAG      Gln  Q        Ter  *

Systematic Range:

Ciliata: Oxytricha and Stylonychia (Hoffman et al. 1995), Paramecium, Tetrahymena, Oxytrichidae and probably Glaucoma chattoni.

Dasycladaceae: Acetabularia (Schneider et al., 1989) and Batophora (Schneider and de Groot, 1991).

Diplomonadida:
Scope: Hexamita inflata, Diplomonadida ATCC50330, and ATCC50380.
Ref.: Keeling, P.J. and Doolittle, W.F. 1996. A non-canonical genetic code in an early diverging eukaryotic lineage. The EMBO Journal 15, 2285-2290.

Comment:

The ciliate macronuclear code has not been determined completely. The codon UAA is known to code for Gln only in the Oxytrichidae.

Tables 7 and 8 have been deleted

9. The Echinoderm Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=9)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  W Trp  
TTG  L Leu      TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu      CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile      ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile      ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  I Ile      ACA  T Thr      AAA  N Asn      AGA  S Ser  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  S Ser  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val      GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:


          Code 9        Standard

 AAA      Asn  N        Lys K
 AGA      Ser  S        Arg R
 AGG      Ser  S        Arg R
 UGA      Trp  W        Ter *

Systematic Range:

Asterozoa (starfishes) (Himeno et al., 1987) Echinozoa (sea urchins) (Jacobs et al., 1988; Cantatore et al., 1989)

10. The Euplotid Nuclear Code (transl_table=10)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  C Cys  
TTG  L Leu      TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu      CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile      ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile      ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  I Ile      ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  R Arg  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  R Arg  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val      GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 10     Standard

 UGA      Cys  C        Ter  *

Systematic Range:

Ciliata: Euplotidae (Hoffman et al. 1995).

11. The Bacterial "Code" (transl_table=11)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  * Ter  
TTG  L Leu i    TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu i    CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile i    ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile i    ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  I Ile i    ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  R Arg  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  R Arg  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val i    GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

None

Alternative Initiation Codons:

GUG, UUG, AUU, CUG

Systematic Range:

Prokaryotes including the eubacteria (Kozak, 1983) and archaebacteria (Brown et al. 1989; Noelling et al., unpublished).

Comments:

UGA codes at low efficiency for Trp in Bacillus subtilis and, presumably, in Escherichia coli (Hatfiled and Diamond, 1993).
CUG is known to function as an initiator for one plasmid-encoded protein (RepA) in Escherichia coli (Spiers and Bergquist, 1992) and possibly in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Noelling et al., unpublished)
There is no record of AUU initition codon for the archaebacteria.

12. The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code (transl_table=12)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  * Ter  
TTG  L Leu      TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  S Ser i    CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile      ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile      ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  I Ile      ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  R Arg  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  R Arg  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val      GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

           Code 12      Standard

 CUG       Ser          Leu

Alternative Initiation Codons:

CAG may be used in Candida albicans (Santos et al., 1993).

Systematic Range:

Endomycetales (yeasts): Candida albicans, Candida cylindracea, Candida melibiosica, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida rugosa (Ohama et al., 1993).

Comment:

However, other yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida azyma, Candida diversa, Candida magnoliae, Candida rugopelliculosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Zygoascus hellenicus, definitely use the standard (nuclear) code (Ohama et al., 1993).

13. The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=13)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  W Trp  
TTG  L Leu      TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu      CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile      ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile      ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  M Met      ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  G Gly  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  G Gly  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val      GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 13     Standard

 AGA      Gly  G        Arg  R
 AGG      Gly  G        Arg  R
 AUA      Met  M        Ile  I
 UGA      Trp  W        Ter  *

Systematic Range:

Ascidiacea (sea squirts): Pyuridae (Durrheim et al. 1993; Yokobori et al., 1993)

14. The Flatworm Mitochondrial Code (transl_table=14)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  Y Tyr      TGA  W Trp  
TTG  L Leu      TCG  S Ser      TAG  * Ter      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu      CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile      ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile      ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  I Ile      ACA  T Thr      AAA  N Asn      AGA  S Ser  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  S Ser  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val      GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

Click here to change format

Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 14      Standard

 AAA      Asn  N       Lys  K
 AGA      Ser  S       Arg  R
 AGG      Ser  S       Arg  R
 UAA      Tyr  Y       Ter  *
 UGA      Trp  W       Ter  *

Systematic Range:

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

15. Blepharisma Nuclear Code (transl_table=15)

TTT  F Phe      TCT  S Ser      TAT  Y Tyr      TGT  C Cys  
TTC  F Phe      TCC  S Ser      TAC  Y Tyr      TGC  C Cys  
TTA  L Leu      TCA  S Ser      TAA  * Ter      TGA  * Ter  
TTG  L Leu      TCG  S Ser      TAG  Q Gln      TGG  W Trp  

CTT  L Leu      CCT  P Pro      CAT  H His      CGT  R Arg  
CTC  L Leu      CCC  P Pro      CAC  H His      CGC  R Arg  
CTA  L Leu      CCA  P Pro      CAA  Q Gln      CGA  R Arg  
CTG  L Leu      CCG  P Pro      CAG  Q Gln      CGG  R Arg  

ATT  I Ile      ACT  T Thr      AAT  N Asn      AGT  S Ser  
ATC  I Ile      ACC  T Thr      AAC  N Asn      AGC  S Ser  
ATA  I Ile      ACA  T Thr      AAA  K Lys      AGA  R Arg  
ATG  M Met i    ACG  T Thr      AAG  K Lys      AGG  R Arg  

GTT  V Val      GCT  A Ala      GAT  D Asp      GGT  G Gly  
GTC  V Val      GCC  A Ala      GAC  D Asp      GGC  G Gly  
GTA  V Val      GCA  A Ala      GAA  E Glu      GGA  G Gly  
GTG  V Val      GCG  A Ala      GAG  E Glu      GGG  G Gly

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Differences from the Standard Code:

          Code 10       GStandard

UAG       Gln  Q        Ter  *

Systematic Range:

Ciliata: Blepharisma (Liang and Heckman, 1993)

Other Alternative Initiation Codons

GUG, UUG (and possibly CUG) in the Archaea (Noelling et al., unpublished)
AUA, GUG, UUG, and AUC or AAG may be used (at least in experimental systems) by the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Olsen, 1987, and references therein).
ACG initiates translation of certain proteins in the adeno-associated virus type 2 (Becerra et al., 1985), the phage T7 mutant CR17 (Anderson and Buzash-Pollert, 1985), Sendai virus (Gupta and Patwardhan, 1988), and rice chloroplast (Hiratsuka et al., 1989). Also, it is the most effective non-AUG initiation codon in mammalin cells (Koepke and Leggatt, 1991).
CUG is the initiation codon for one of the two alternative products of the human c-myc gene (Hann et al., 1987).

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