A representation for molecular mechanisms of androgen independence in prostate cancers- Hypersensitive Pathways include those pathways by which prostate cancer cell evades the effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), Outlaw Pathways include activation of androgen receptor (AR) by ligand independent mechanisms, Bypass Pathway depict the signalling pathways that operates independent of androgen receptor (AR) activation, Coactivation Pathways influences AR mediated gene expression, Promiscuous Pathways includes aberrant functioning of AR by means of mutation and splice variants. In the Lurker Cell Pathway, after androgen deprivation therapy androgen independent prostate cancer stem cell subpopulation itself triggers tumour re-growth and castration resistance.
| ACK1 | Tyrosine kinase, non-receptor, 2 |
| AKT1 | v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 |
| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| AP-1 | FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog |
| aPKC | Atypical protein kinase C |
| AR | Androgen Receptor |
| ARR2 | arrestin, beta 2 |
| ATM | ATM serine/threonine kinase |
| BAD | BCL2-associated agonist of cell death |
| BAD | BCL2-associated agonist of cell death |
| BAK1 | BCL2-antagonist/killer 1 |
| BAX | BCL2-associated X protein |
| BCL-XL | BCL2-like 1 |
| BCL2 | B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 |
| BCL2L2 | BCL2-like 2 |
| BCL6 | B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 |
| BIN1 | Bridging integrator 1 |
| c-ABL | ABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase |
| c-FLIP | CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator |
| c-FOS | FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog |
| c-IAP-1 | baculoviral IAP repeat containing 2 |
| c-JUN | Jun proto-oncogene |
| c-MYC | v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog |
| c-SRC | SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase |
| CASP3 | Caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase |
| CASP7 | Caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase |
| CASP8 | Caspase 8, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase |
| CASP9 | Caspase 9, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase |
| CAV1 | Caveolin 1, caveolae protein |
| CDK1 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 |
| CDK5 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 |
| CEBPA | CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha |
| CLU | Clusterin |
| COMMD1 | Copper metabolism (Murr1) domain containing 1 |
| COX2 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase) |
| CREB1 | cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 |
| CTNNB1 | Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88kDa |
| CXCL-12 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 |
| CXCR4 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 |
| DAB2IP | DAB2 interacting protein |
| DDR1 | Discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 1 |
| DVL2 | Dishevelled segment polarity protein 2 |
| E2F1 | E2F transcription factor 1 |
| EGF | Epidermal growth factor |
| EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
| EGR-1 | Early growth response 1 |
| ELK1 | ELK1, member of ETS oncogene family |
| EPO | Erythropoietin |
| EPOR | Erythropoietin receptor |
| ERK1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 |
| ERK2 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 |
| ETK | BMX non-receptor tyrosine kinase |
| EZH2 | Enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit |
| FADD | Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain |
| FAK | Protein tyrosine kinase 2 |
| FAS | Fas cell surface death receptor |
| FASL | Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6) |
| FASN | Fatty acid synthase |
| FER | Fer (fps/fes related) tyrosine kinase |
| FHL2 | Four and a half LIM domains 2 |
| FKBP51 | FK506 binding protein 4, 59kDa |
| FKHR | Forkhead box O1 |
| FOXA1 | Forkhead box A1 |
| FOXM1 | Forkhead box M1 |
| FOXO1 | Forkhead box O1 |
| HDAC6 | Histone deacetylase 6 |
| HDL | High density lipoprotein |
| HIF1A | Hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor) |
| HRK | Harakiri, BCL2 interacting protein |
| HSP90 | Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 1 |
| ICAM1 | Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 |
| ID-1 | Inhibitor of DNA binding 1, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein |
| IGF1 | Insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C) |
| IGF1R | Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor |
| IL-6 | Interleukin 6 |
| IL-6 | Interleukin 6 |
| IL-6R | Interleukin 6 receptor |
| IL-8 | Interleukin 8 |
| ILK | Integrin-linked kinase |
| JAK2 | Janus kinase 2 |
| JNKK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 |
| KLK2 | Kallikrein-related peptidase 2 |
| LPA | Lysophosphatidic acid |
| LPAR1 | Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 |
| LPXN | Leupaxin |
| LYN | LYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase |
| MEK1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 |
| MEK2 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 |
| MEKK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase |
| MID1 | Midline 1 |
| mTOR | Mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase) |
| MYBL2 | v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog-like 2 |
| NFKB | v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A |
| NOTCH1 | Notch1 |
| P2Y2 | Purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 2 |
| p300 | E1A binding protein p300 |
| p35 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory subunit 1 (p35) |
| p50 | Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 |
| p65 | v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A |
| p68 | DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase 5 |
| p70S6K | Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1 |
| PAR1 | Coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor |
| PAR4 | Prader Willi/Angelman region RNA 4 |
| PCA | Prostate cancer antigen 1 |
| PCA3 | Prostate cancer associated 3 |
| PDGF-B | Platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide |
| PDGFRB | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide |
| PI3K | Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha) |
| PIM1 | Pim-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase |
| PKA | Protein Kinase A |
| PKD3 | Polycystic kidney disease 3 |
| PRKCE | Protein kinase C, epsilon |
| PRL | Prolactin |
| PRLR | Prolactin receptor |
| PSA | Prostate specific antigen |
| PTEN | Phosphatase and tensin homolog |
| RAC1 | Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1) |
| RAF | Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase |
| RAS | Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog |
| RSK1 | Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 1 |
| RTK | Receptor Tyrosine Kinase |
| RUNX2 | Runt-related transcription factor 2 |
| S1P | Sphingosine- 1- phosphate |
| S1PR | Sphingosine- 1- phosphate receptor |
| SHC1 | SHC (Src homology 2 domain containing) transforming protein 1 |
| SIRT1 | Sirtuin 1 |
| SMYD3 | SET and MYND domain containing 3 |
| SOCS3 | Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 |
| SP1 | Sp1 transcription factor |
| SRC-1 | Nuclear receptor coactivator 1 |
| SRD5A1 | Steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 1 |
| STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
| TGFB | Transforming growth factor |
| TGFBR2 | Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80kDa) |
| TIP60 | K(lysine) acetyltransferase 5 |
| TMPRSS2 | Transmembrane protease, serine 2 |
| TRAP6 | Thrombin receptor activating peptide |
| TRMT12 | tRNA methyltransferase 12 homolog |
| UBE2C | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C |
| VAV3 | Vav 3 guanine nucleotide exchange factor |
| YB-1 | Y box binding protein 1 |
| YWHAZ | Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta |