BioMed Central - Open-Access Publishing in the Real World Matthew Cockerill Technical Director, BioMed Central What are the true costs of online publishing? To what extent can online tools make the peer-review and publication process more efficient? What viable business models are available to scientific publishers who believe in open access? What practical benefits does open-access bring? What does it take to persuade large number of scientists to choose new open-access publishers in preference to established journals? Since May 2000, BioMed Central (www.biomedcentral.com) has been publishing peer-reviewed research articles in all areas of Biology and Medicine, with unrestricted online access for all. This experience means we can now begin to answer the questions outlined above, and flesh out a vision of an open-access future for scientific publishing.