[Lugend-admin] NUMBER ONE Success System

[Tommy Lee]

http://www.noss123.com/

Many things have existed that did not have an owner, sometimes called the
commons. The term "commons," however, is also often used to mean something
quite different: "general collective ownership" - i.e. common ownership.
Also, the same term is sometimes used by statists to mean government-owned
property that the general public is allowed to access. Law in all societies
has tended to develop towards reducing the number of things not having clear
owners. Supporters of property rights argue that this enables better
protection of scarce resources, due to the tragedy of the commons, while
critics argue that it leads to the exploitation of those resources for
personal gain and that it hinders taking advantage of potential network
effects. These arguments have differing validity for different types of
"property" -- things which are not scarce are, for instance, not subject to
the tragedy of the commons. Some apparent critics actually are advocating
general collective ownership rather than ownerlessness.

Things today which do not have owners include: ideas (except for
intellectual property), seawater (which is, however, protected by
anti-pollution laws), parts of the seafloor (see the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea for restrictions), gasses in Earth's
atmosphere, animals in the wild (though there may be restrictions on hunting
etc. -- and in some legal systems, such as that of New York, they are
actually treated as government property), celestial bodies and outer space,
and land in Antarctica.

The nature of children under the age of majority is another contested issue
here. In ancient societies children were generally considered the property
of their parents. Children in most modern societies theoretically own their
own bodies -- but they are considered incompetent to exercise their rights,
and their parents or "guardians" are given most of the actual rights of
control over them.

Questions regarding the nature of ownership of the body also come up in the
issue of abortion.

In many ancient legal systems (e.g. early Roman law), religious sites (e.g.
temples) were considered property of the God or gods they were devoted to.
However, religious pluralism makes it more convenient to have religious
sites owned by the religious body that runs them.

Intellectual property and air (airspace, no-fly zone, pollution laws, which
can include tradeable emissions rights) can be property in some senses of
the word.
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