drift {ldbounds} | R Documentation |
'drift' calculates drift (effect), confidence interval for drift, or power and other probabilities given drift for specified group sequential boundaries for interim analyses of accumulating data in clinical trials.
drift(za = -zb, zb, t, t2 = t, pow = NULL, drft = NULL, conf = NULL, zval = zb[length(zb)])
za |
the vector of lower boundaries. Symmetric to zb by default. |
zb |
the vector of upper boundaries. |
t |
the vector of analysis times, which must be increasing and in (0,1]. |
t2 |
the second time scale, usually in terms of amount of
accumulating information. By default, same as t . |
pow |
the desired power when drift is not specified. |
drft |
the true drift (i.e. treatment effect when t=1). |
conf |
the confidence level when a confidence interval for drift is wanted. |
zval |
the final observed Z statistic (i.e. when trial is stopped). Used for confidence interval. |
This is based on a Fortran program, 'ld98', by Reboussin, DeMets, Kim,
and Lan. It has some advantages, like making use of probability
distributions in R. Only one of pow
, drft
, and
conf
is to be specified and zval
is only used in the last
case.
'drift' returns an object of 'class' '"drift"'.
An object of class '"drift"' is a list containing the following components:
type |
Type of computation performed: 1 is drift given power, 2 is exit probabilities given drift, and 3 is confidence interval for drift given final Z statistic. |
time |
the original time scale. |
time2 |
the second (information) time scale. |
lower.bounds |
the vector of lower boundaries given. |
upper.bounds |
the vector of upper boundaries given. |
power |
the power. If power is given, it is returned here. If drift is given, the resulting power is calculated. |
drift |
the drift. If drift is given, it is returned here. If power is given, the drift resulting in given power is calculated. |
lower.probs |
the vector of exit probabilities across the lower boundary. Returned if power or drift is given. |
upper.probs |
the same for upper boundary. |
exit.probs |
the probability at each analysis of crossing the
boundary. The sum of lower.probs and upper.probs . |
cum.exit |
the cumulative probability of crossing. |
conf.level |
the desired confidence level, if given. |
final.zvalue |
the final Z statistic, if given. |
conf.interval |
the confidence interval for drift, if conf
and zval are given. |
Charlie Casper casper@stat.wisc.edu and Oscar A. Perez perez@stat.wisc.edu
Reboussin, D. M., DeMets, D. L., Kim, K. M., and Lan, K. K. G. (2000) Computations for group sequential boundaries using the Lan-DeMets spending function method. Controlled Clinical Trials, 21:190-207.
Fortran program 'ld98' by the same authors as above.
DeMets, D. L. and Lan, K. K. G. (1995) Recent Advances in Clinical Trial Design and Analysis, Thall, P. F. (ed.). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Lan, K. K. G. and DeMets, D. L. (1983) Discrete sequential boundaries for clinical trials. Biometrika, 70:659-63.
Generic functions summary.drift
and
plot.drift
.
bounds
for computation of boundaries using alpha
spending function method.
## From Reboussin, et al. (2000) t <- c(0.13,0.4,0.69,0.9,0.98,1) upper <- c(5.3666,3.7102,2.9728,2.5365,2.2154,1.9668) drift.pr <- drift(zb=upper,t=t,drft=3.242) summary(drift.pr) t <- c(0.2292,0.3333,0.4375,0.5833,0.7083,0.8333) upper <- c(2.53,2.61,2.57,2.47,2.43,2.38) drift.ci <- drift(zb=upper,t=t,conf=0.95,zval=2.82) summary(drift.ci) plot(drift.ci) ## Using output from 'bounds' t <- seq(0.2,1,length=5) obf.bd <- bounds(t,iuse=c(1,1),alpha=c(0.025,0.025)) drift.dr <- drift(obf.bd$lower.bounds,obf.bd$upper.bounds,t,pow=0.9) summary(drift.dr)