| Protein | Protein Name | Molecular Type | Evidence | Reference |
|---|
| RUNX2 | Runt-related transcription factor 2 | Transcription Factor | RUNX2 is involved in the bone metastasis of prostate cancer through alphavbeta3 integrin-Smad5-RUNX2-receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) signaling axis. | Reference |
| SMAD3 | SMAD family member 3 | Transcription Regulatory Protein | SMAD3 play an important role in the activation of AR and Activin A-AR-SMAD3 signaling axis is involved in prostate cancer bone metastasis. | Reference |
| RAC1 | Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1) | GTPase | RAC1 is an important mediator of prostate cancer cell-bone marrow endothelial cell interactions. | Reference |
| RAC1 | Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1) | GTPase | RAC1 play an important role in prostate cancer bone metastasis and enhancing prostate cancer cell homing and entry into bone. | Reference |
| EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor | Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | It is involved in prostate cancer bone metastasis through cell survival and regulation of bone remodeling. | Reference |
| CSF1R | Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor | Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | CSF1R is involved in bone metastasis of advanced prostate cancer. | Reference |
| MET | Met proto-oncogene | Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | c-MET is involved in bone metastasis in human prostate cancer. | Reference |
| ERBB2 | V-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 | Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | It is involved in prostate cancer bone metastasis and is trans-activated by CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. | Reference |
| EPHA2 | EPH receptor A2 | Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | EPHA2 is associated with bone metastasis in prostate cancer. | Reference |
| PDGFRA | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide | Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | PDGFRA is involved in prostate cancer bone metastasis as the bone marrow activates PDGFRalpha in a ligand-independent fashion. | Reference |
| CTNNB1 | Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88kDa | Adhesion Molecule | Beta catenine over expression is related to prostate cancer bone metastasis. | Reference |
| AKT1 | V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 | Serine/Threonine Kinase | AKT1 is involved in prostate cancer bone metastasis in an integrin alpha(v)beta(3) dependent manner. | Reference |
| SRC | V-src avian sarcoma (Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog | Tyrosine Kinase | SRC kinase play an important role in bone metastasis of prostate cancer. | Reference |
| PDGFRA | Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide | Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | It is involved in stronger activation of the Akt/PKB survival pathway in bone-metastatic prostate cancer cells. | Reference |
| EPHA2 | EPH receptor A2 | Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | It is involved in prostate cancer bone metastasis through EphA2-Vav3-Rac1 signaling axis. | Reference |
| SRC | V-src avian sarcoma (Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog | Tyrosine Kinase | It is involved in prostate cancer bone metastasis by playing a role in osteoclast mediated bone resorption, tumour growth and metastasis. | Reference |
| STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute-phase response factor) | Transcription Factor | STAT3, a transcription factor which is overexpressed in bone metastatic prostate cancer cell and plays a role in prostate cancer bone metastasis by stimulating Cathepsin L synthesis through JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis. | Reference |
| ESR2 | Estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta) | Transcription Factor | Estrogen receptor beta 2 is involved in advanced prostate cancer and play very important role in prostate cancer bone metastasis | Reference |
| LOX | Lysyl oxidase | Enzyme | Lysyl oxidase (LOX), particularly active LOX enzyme and the 18 kDa lysyl oxidase pro-peptide (LOX-PP) plays an important role in human prostate cancer bone metastasis through stimulation of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. | Reference |
| SHH | Sonic hedgehog | Ligand | Sonic hedgehog (SHH), secreted by bone metastatic human prostate cancer cell induces osteoblast differentiation which in turn stimulates bone metastatic progression. | Reference |
| LGALS1 | Galectin 1 | Ligand | Galectin-1 (LGALS1), secreted by prostate tumor cell and is involved in prostate cancer bone metastasis through inducing osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation. | Reference |
| ETS1 | ETS proto-oncogene 1 | Transcription Factor | ETS proto-oncogene 1 (ETS1), a transcription factor released from hormone refractory prostate tumor cell and mediates prostate cancer bone metastasis through promoting osteoblast differentiation. | Reference |
| FGF8 | Fibroblast growth factor 8 | Growth Factor | Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), released from metastatic prostate tumor cell and is associated with prostate cancer bone metastasis through promoting osteoblast differentiation. | Reference |
| CD44 | CD44 molecule | Cell Surface Receptor | CD44 plays a role in prostate cancer bone metastatic progression through mediating interactions between prostate cancer cell and bone marrow endothelial in a E-selectin dependent manner. | Reference |
| CEA | Carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule 3 | Adhesion Molecule | CEA plays an important role in prostate cancer bone metastatic progression through mediating interactions between prostate cancer cell and bone marrow endothelial in a E-selectin dependent manner. | Reference |
| PCLP | Podocalyxin like | Integral Membrane Protein | PCLP plays an important role in prostate cancer bone metastatic progression through mediating interactions between prostate cancer cell and bone marrow endothelial in a E-selectin dependent manner. | Reference |
| MCAM | Melanoma cell adhesion molecule | Adhesion Molecule | MCAM plays an important role in prostate cancer bone metastatic progression through mediating interactions between prostate cancer cell and bone marrow endothelial in a E-selectin dependent manner. | Reference |
| CX43 | Gap junction protein alpha 1 | Membrane Transport protein | Gap junction protein CX43 mediates prostate cancer bone metastasis through modulation of osteoblast differentiation in bone marrow microenvironment. | Reference |
| MLCK | Myosin light chain kinase 2 | Serine/Threonine Kinase | Activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a downstream effector of integrin-beta1 and TGF-beta2 plays a significant role in prostate cancer bone metastasis associated dormancy escape mechanism through activation of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. | Reference |
| E2F4 | E2F transcription factor 4 | Transcription Factor | E2F transcription factor 4 (E2F4) downregulation is critically involved with prostate cancer bone metastasis associated dormancy escape mechanisms through activation of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. | Reference |
| CDK6 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 | Cell Cycle Control Protein | Cell cycle regulator cycline dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) is significantly involved with prostate cancer bone metastasis associated dormancy escape mechanisms through activation of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. | Reference |
| IL6R | Interleukin 6 receptor | Cytokine Receptor | IL-6 receptor (IL6R) plays a role in prostate cancer cell proliferation in bone microenvironment through IL-6/IL6R/AR signaling axis. | Reference |
| PTHRP | Parathyroid hormone like hormone | Peptide Hormone | Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) plays a major role in human prostate cancer associated bone metastasis stimulation. | Reference |
| FGF9 | Fibroblast growth factor 9 | Growth Factor | Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), secreted from bone metastatic prostate tumor cell induces osteogenesis by mediating osteoblast proliferation. | Reference |
| UPA | Plasminogen activator, urokinase | Serine Protease | Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (UPA), secreted from osteoblasts in prostate cancer bone microenvironment mediates prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. | Reference |
| PAI1 | Serpin family E member 1 | Protease inhibitor | Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1), which is induced by bone metastatic prostate tumor stroma, mediates bone metastatic prostate tumor growth and | Reference |
| UPA | Plasminogen activator, urokinase | Serine Protease | Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (UPA), secreted from metastatic prostate tumor mediates prostate cancer cell growth in bone microenvironment. | Reference |
| CCL5 | C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 | Chemokine | Intramedullary pressure generated by metastatic prostate tumour in bone microenvironment induces osteocytes to release CCL5 which in turn mediates intraosseous prostate tumour growth. | Reference |
| MMP9 | Matrix metallopeptidase 9 | Metallo Protease | Intramedullary pressure generated by metastatic prostate tumour in bone microenvironment induces osteocytes to release matrix mettaloprotease 9 (MMP9) which in turn mediates intraosseous prostate tumour growth. | Reference |
| MMP2 | Matrix metallopeptidase 2 | Metallo Protease | Intramedullary pressure generated by metastatic prostate tumour in bone microenvironment induces osteocytes to release matrix mettaloprotease 2 (MMP2) which in turn mediates intraosseous prostate tumour growth. | Reference |
| DKK1 | Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1 | Ligand | Dickkopf homolog 1 (DKK-1), a osteolytic metastasis promoting factor is released by prostate cancer cell and is significantly involved in bone remodelling in prostate tumour bone microenvironment. | Reference |
| MAOA | Monoamine oxidase A | Enzyme: Oxidase | Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), a clinically and functionally important mediator of prostate cancer bone and visceral metastases, activates paracrine SHH signaling in prostate tumour bone microenvironment, which in turn induces osteoclastogenesis, osteoblast proliferation and signaling. | Reference |
| MCP1 | Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 | Chemokine | Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), a osteoclastogenic factor is secreted from both osteolytic prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts in prostate cancer bone microenvironment and induces osteoclastogenesis, osteoblast proliferation and signaling. | Reference |
| IGFBP5 | Insulin like growth factor binding protein 5 | Adhesion Molecule | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5), a osteoclastogenic factor is secreted from both osteolytic prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts in prostate cancer bone microenvironment and induces osteoclastogenesis, osteoblast proliferation and signaling. | Reference |
| RANKL | Receptor activator of NF-?-B ligand | Ligand | Receptor activator of NF-?-B ligand (RANKL), a osteoclastogenic factor is secreted from osteolytic prostate cancer cells in prostate cancer bone microenvironment and induces osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction. | Reference |
| CTSL | Cathepsin L | Cysteine protease | Cathepsin L (CatL) is a cysteine cathepsin protease that is overexpressed in prostate cancer and secreted by metastatic prostate cancer tumour in bone microenvironment and induces osteoclast proliferation and activation. | Reference |
| SNAIL | Snail family zinc finger 1 | Transcription Regulatory Protein | SNAIL, a transcription factor plays a role in prostate cancer bone metastasis by stimulating Cathepsin L synthesis through JAK2/STAT3/SNAIL signaling axis. | Reference |
| ITGB1 | Integrin subunit beta 1 | Cell Surface Receptor | Beta1 integrin (ITGB1), plays a role in human prostate cancer bone metastasis through non canonical activation of sonic hedgehog signaling by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. | Reference |
| TGFB2 | Transforming growth factor beta 2 | Growth Factor | Metastatic prostate tumour and osteoblast interections in bone microenvironment induces TGFB2, which plays a role in bone remodeling. | Reference |
| TWEAK | TNF superfamily member 12 | Ligand | TWEAK, a TNF-like cytokine plays a vital role in prostate tumour bone metastasis through regulation of cell survival and proliferation. | Reference |
| TNFRSF12A | TNF receptor superfamily member 12A | Cell Surface Receptor | FN14 (TNFRSF12A), a TNF receptor family member plays an important role in prostate tumour bone metastasis through regulation of cell survival and proliferation in response of TWEAK mediated activation. | Reference |
| NDRG1 | N-myc downstream regulated 1 | Unclassified | NDRG1 (N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1) plays a very critical role in induction of dormancy in prostate cancer stem like cell within bone metastatic prostate cancer microenvironment through activation of BMP7/BMPR2/P38/NDRG1 signaling axis. | Reference |
| BMP7 | Bone morphogenetic protein 7 | Ligand | BMP7 (bone morphogenetic protein 7), which is secreted from bone stromal cells, induces dormancy in prostate cancer stem like cell within bone metastatic prostate cancer microenvironment through activation of BMP7/BMPR2/P38/NDRG1 signaling axis. | Reference |
| MTOR | Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase | Cell Cycle Control Protein | Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition by TBK1 plays arole in induction of metastatic dormancy in prostate cancer bone microenvironment. | Reference |
| TBK1 | TANK binding kinase 1 | Serine/Threonine Kinase | TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a noncanonical I?B kinase (IKK) family member critically mediates metastatic dormancy in prostate cancer bone microenvironment through inhibition of MTOR. | Reference |
| NFKB1 | Nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 | Transcription Factor | NF-kB1 plays a role in bone metastatic prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion through activation of CXCL-12/CXCR4/NF-kB signaling pathway. | Reference |
| SELE | Selectin E | Adhesion Molecule | E selectin in bone endothelium plays a very important role in adhesion of metastatic prostate cancer cell in bone microenvironment. | Reference |
| FN1 | Fibronectin 1 | Extracellular Matrix Protein | Fibronectin1 is involved with bone metastatic prostate cancer associated dormancy escape mechanism through activation of ITGB1/MLCK/CDK6 signaling. | Reference |
| TGFBI | Transforming growth factor beta induced | Ligand | Transforming growth factor-beta -induced protein (TGFBI) plays a significant role in prostate cancer bone metastasis in response of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). | Reference |
| CXCL5 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 | Chemokine | Myeloid phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cancer cells triggers CXCL5 induced STAT3 and NF-kB signaling activation, which plays an important role in cell growth during bone metastatic prostate cancer progression. | Reference |
| FBXL4 | F-box and leucine rich repeat protein 4 | Ubiquitin proteasome system protein | FBXL4 (F-box and leucine rich repeat protein 4) plays a critical regulatory role during the progression of bone metastatic prostate cancer. | Reference |
| FZD8 | Frizzled class receptor 8 | G protein coupled receptor | FZD8 (Frizzled class receptor 8), a P53 regulated protein promotes human prostate cancer bone metastasis by activation of cannonical Wnt/Beta-catenine mediated signaling. | Reference |
| TNC | Troponin C type 1 (slow) | Calcium Binding Protein | Tenascin-C (TNC), a part of prostate cancer reactive stroma, plays a very crucial role in initiation of prostate cancer bone metastasis by mediating interactions of prostate cancer cells with bone microenvironment. | Reference |